![]() Taxonomically, the members of the chimpanzee/bonobo subtribe Panina-composed entirely by the genus Pan-are collectively termed panins. While bonobos are, today, recognized as a distinct species in their own right, they were initially thought to be a subspecies of Pan troglodytes, due to the physical similarities between the two species. All rights reserved.The bonobo ( / b ə ˈ n oʊ b oʊ, ˈ b ɒ n ə b oʊ/ Pan paniscus), also historically called the pygmy chimpanzee (less often the dwarf chimpanzee or gracile chimpanzee), is an endangered great ape and one of the two species making up the genus Pan (the other being the common chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes). Probing the phenotypic consequences of differential early-life gut microbial diversity in chimpanzees and other primates will illuminate the life history impacts of the hominid-microbiome partnership.Īging chimpanzee development diversity gut microbiota infancy maturation microbiome primate weaning.Ĭopyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. These data indicate differential trajectories of gut microbiota development in humans and chimpanzees that are consistent with interspecific differences in lactation, diet, and immune function. However, in direct contrast to human infants, chimpanzee infants harbored surprisingly high-diversity rather than low-diversity gut bacterial communities compared with older conspecifics. Infant chimpanzee guts were enriched in some of the same taxa prevalent in infant humans (e.g., Bifidobacterium, Streptococcus, and Bacteroides), and chimpanzee gut microbial communities, like those of humans, exhibited higher interindividual variation in infancy versus later in life. Notably, gut microbial signatures in infants <2 years old were distinct across all five metrics. We found that chimpanzee gut microbial alpha-diversity, composition, density, interindividual variation, and within-individual change over time varied significantly with age. Here, we profile the gut microbiota of 166 wild chimpanzees aged 8 months to 67 years in the Kibale National Park, Uganda and compare the patterns of gut microbial maturation to those previously observed in humans. 3-6 These adaptations suggest that lifetime trajectories of human-microbial relationships could differ from those of our closest living relatives. 1, 2 However, humans are unique among primates in that we consume highly digestible foods, wean early, mature slowly, and exhibit high lifelong investments in maintenance. Electronic address: in primates is facilitated by commensal gut microbes that ferment otherwise indigestible plant matter, resist colonization by pathogens, and train the developing immune system. 12 Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.11 Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA Global Health Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA Department of Zoology, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.10 Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA Kibale Chimpanzee Project, Fort Portal, Uganda. ![]() 9 Ngogo Chimpanzee Project, Waltham, MA, USA Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.8 Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA Kibale Chimpanzee Project, Fort Portal, Uganda.7 Ngogo Chimpanzee Project, Waltham, MA, USA Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.6 Department of Anthropology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA Kibale Chimpanzee Project, Fort Portal, Uganda.5 School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA Ngogo Chimpanzee Project, Waltham, MA, USA Institute of Human Origins, Tempe, AZ, USA.4 Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.3 Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.2 Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.1 Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA Society of Fellows, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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